Warning: package 'dslabs' was built under R version 4.2.2
library("tidyverse")
Warning: package 'tidyverse' was built under R version 4.2.2
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── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr 1.1.0 ✔ readr 2.1.4
✔ forcats 1.0.0 ✔ stringr 1.5.0
✔ ggplot2 3.4.1 ✔ tibble 3.1.8
✔ lubridate 1.9.2 ✔ tidyr 1.3.0
✔ purrr 1.0.1
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
library("ggplot2")
#look at help file for gapminder data
help(gapminder)
starting httpd help server ... done
#get an overview of data structure
str(gapminder)
'data.frame': 10545 obs. of 9 variables:
$ country : Factor w/ 185 levels "Albania","Algeria",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
$ year : int 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 ...
$ infant_mortality: num 115.4 148.2 208 NA 59.9 ...
$ life_expectancy : num 62.9 47.5 36 63 65.4 ...
$ fertility : num 6.19 7.65 7.32 4.43 3.11 4.55 4.82 3.45 2.7 5.57 ...
$ population : num 1636054 11124892 5270844 54681 20619075 ...
$ gdp : num NA 1.38e+10 NA NA 1.08e+11 ...
$ continent : Factor w/ 5 levels "Africa","Americas",..: 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 5 4 3 ...
$ region : Factor w/ 22 levels "Australia and New Zealand",..: 19 11 10 2 15 21 2 1 22 21 ...
#get a summary of data
summary(gapminder)
country year infant_mortality life_expectancy
Albania : 57 Min. :1960 Min. : 1.50 Min. :13.20
Algeria : 57 1st Qu.:1974 1st Qu.: 16.00 1st Qu.:57.50
Angola : 57 Median :1988 Median : 41.50 Median :67.54
Antigua and Barbuda: 57 Mean :1988 Mean : 55.31 Mean :64.81
Argentina : 57 3rd Qu.:2002 3rd Qu.: 85.10 3rd Qu.:73.00
Armenia : 57 Max. :2016 Max. :276.90 Max. :83.90
(Other) :10203 NA's :1453
fertility population gdp continent
Min. :0.840 Min. :3.124e+04 Min. :4.040e+07 Africa :2907
1st Qu.:2.200 1st Qu.:1.333e+06 1st Qu.:1.846e+09 Americas:2052
Median :3.750 Median :5.009e+06 Median :7.794e+09 Asia :2679
Mean :4.084 Mean :2.701e+07 Mean :1.480e+11 Europe :2223
3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:1.523e+07 3rd Qu.:5.540e+10 Oceania : 684
Max. :9.220 Max. :1.376e+09 Max. :1.174e+13
NA's :187 NA's :185 NA's :2972
region
Western Asia :1026
Eastern Africa : 912
Western Africa : 912
Caribbean : 741
South America : 684
Southern Europe: 684
(Other) :5586
#determine the type of object gapminder is class(gapminder)
summary(gapminder)
country year infant_mortality life_expectancy
Albania : 57 Min. :1960 Min. : 1.50 Min. :13.20
Algeria : 57 1st Qu.:1974 1st Qu.: 16.00 1st Qu.:57.50
Angola : 57 Median :1988 Median : 41.50 Median :67.54
Antigua and Barbuda: 57 Mean :1988 Mean : 55.31 Mean :64.81
Argentina : 57 3rd Qu.:2002 3rd Qu.: 85.10 3rd Qu.:73.00
Armenia : 57 Max. :2016 Max. :276.90 Max. :83.90
(Other) :10203 NA's :1453
fertility population gdp continent
Min. :0.840 Min. :3.124e+04 Min. :4.040e+07 Africa :2907
1st Qu.:2.200 1st Qu.:1.333e+06 1st Qu.:1.846e+09 Americas:2052
Median :3.750 Median :5.009e+06 Median :7.794e+09 Asia :2679
Mean :4.084 Mean :2.701e+07 Mean :1.480e+11 Europe :2223
3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:1.523e+07 3rd Qu.:5.540e+10 Oceania : 684
Max. :9.220 Max. :1.376e+09 Max. :1.174e+13
NA's :187 NA's :185 NA's :2972
region
Western Asia :1026
Eastern Africa : 912
Western Africa : 912
Caribbean : 741
South America : 684
Southern Europe: 684
(Other) :5586
'data.frame': 2907 obs. of 9 variables:
$ country : Factor w/ 185 levels "Albania","Algeria",..: 2 3 18 22 26 27 29 31 32 33 ...
$ year : int 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 ...
$ infant_mortality: num 148 208 187 116 161 ...
$ life_expectancy : num 47.5 36 38.3 50.3 35.2 ...
$ fertility : num 7.65 7.32 6.28 6.62 6.29 6.95 5.65 6.89 5.84 6.25 ...
$ population : num 11124892 5270844 2431620 524029 4829291 ...
$ gdp : num 1.38e+10 NA 6.22e+08 1.24e+08 5.97e+08 ...
$ continent : Factor w/ 5 levels "Africa","Americas",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ region : Factor w/ 22 levels "Australia and New Zealand",..: 11 10 20 17 20 5 10 20 10 10 ...
#get a summary of africadata
summary(africadata)
country year infant_mortality life_expectancy
Algeria : 57 Min. :1960 Min. : 11.40 Min. :13.20
Angola : 57 1st Qu.:1974 1st Qu.: 62.20 1st Qu.:48.23
Benin : 57 Median :1988 Median : 93.40 Median :53.98
Botswana : 57 Mean :1988 Mean : 95.12 Mean :54.38
Burkina Faso: 57 3rd Qu.:2002 3rd Qu.:124.70 3rd Qu.:60.10
Burundi : 57 Max. :2016 Max. :237.40 Max. :77.60
(Other) :2565 NA's :226
fertility population gdp continent
Min. :1.500 Min. : 41538 Min. :4.659e+07 Africa :2907
1st Qu.:5.160 1st Qu.: 1605232 1st Qu.:8.373e+08 Americas: 0
Median :6.160 Median : 5570982 Median :2.448e+09 Asia : 0
Mean :5.851 Mean : 12235961 Mean :9.346e+09 Europe : 0
3rd Qu.:6.860 3rd Qu.: 13888152 3rd Qu.:6.552e+09 Oceania : 0
Max. :8.450 Max. :182201962 Max. :1.935e+11
NA's :51 NA's :51 NA's :637
region
Eastern Africa :912
Western Africa :912
Middle Africa :456
Northern Africa :342
Southern Africa :285
Australia and New Zealand: 0
(Other) : 0
#assign African countries’ infant mortality and life expectancy data to #its own object
'data.frame': 2907 obs. of 2 variables:
$ infant_mortality: num 148 208 187 116 161 ...
$ life_expectancy : num 47.5 36 38.3 50.3 35.2 ...
str(africa_lp)
'data.frame': 2907 obs. of 2 variables:
$ life_expectancy: num 47.5 36 38.3 50.3 35.2 ...
$ population : num 11124892 5270844 2431620 524029 4829291 ...
#get a summary of africa_il and africa_lp
summary(africa_il)
infant_mortality life_expectancy
Min. : 11.40 Min. :13.20
1st Qu.: 62.20 1st Qu.:48.23
Median : 93.40 Median :53.98
Mean : 95.12 Mean :54.38
3rd Qu.:124.70 3rd Qu.:60.10
Max. :237.40 Max. :77.60
NA's :226
summary(africa_lp)
life_expectancy population
Min. :13.20 Min. : 41538
1st Qu.:48.23 1st Qu.: 1605232
Median :53.98 Median : 5570982
Mean :54.38 Mean : 12235961
3rd Qu.:60.10 3rd Qu.: 13888152
Max. :77.60 Max. :182201962
NA's :51
#plot life expectancy as a function of infant mortality
#from the plot there appears to be a #positive correlation between the two variables #the “streaks” of data #seem to come from the number of years avaiable for each country
#find na values in infant_mortality
subset(africadata,is.na(infant_mortality))
country year infant_mortality life_expectancy fertility
8 Cape Verde 1960 NA 50.12 6.89
10 Chad 1960 NA 40.95 6.25
15 Djibouti 1960 NA 45.77 6.46
17 Equatorial Guinea 1960 NA 37.69 5.51
18 Eritrea 1960 NA 39.03 6.90
20 Gabon 1960 NA 38.83 4.38
23 Guinea 1960 NA 35.71 6.10
24 Guinea-Bissau 1960 NA 43.14 5.83
37 Niger 1960 NA 36.82 7.05
43 South Africa 1960 NA 49.01 6.17
53 Angola 1961 NA 36.53 7.35
59 Cape Verde 1961 NA 50.27 6.92
61 Chad 1961 NA 41.35 6.27
62 Comoros 1961 NA 44.47 6.85
63 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1961 NA 44.25 6.02
66 Djibouti 1961 NA 46.28 6.49
68 Equatorial Guinea 1961 NA 38.04 5.52
69 Eritrea 1961 NA 39.35 6.87
70 Ethiopia 1961 NA 38.35 6.88
71 Gabon 1961 NA 39.15 4.46
75 Guinea-Bissau 1961 NA 43.39 5.77
80 Madagascar 1961 NA 42.54 7.30
86 Mozambique 1961 NA 38.79 6.60
87 Namibia 1961 NA 47.70 6.17
88 Niger 1961 NA 36.97 7.08
89 Nigeria 1961 NA 41.00 6.35
94 South Africa 1961 NA 49.40 6.14
104 Angola 1962 NA 37.08 7.39
110 Cape Verde 1962 NA 50.43 6.95
112 Chad 1962 NA 41.76 6.29
113 Comoros 1962 NA 44.89 6.90
114 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1962 NA 44.61 6.03
117 Djibouti 1962 NA 46.79 6.53
119 Equatorial Guinea 1962 NA 38.38 5.53
120 Eritrea 1962 NA 39.69 6.84
121 Ethiopia 1962 NA 38.94 6.88
122 Gabon 1962 NA 39.56 4.54
126 Guinea-Bissau 1962 NA 43.64 5.67
131 Madagascar 1962 NA 43.12 7.30
137 Mozambique 1962 NA 39.40 6.60
138 Namibia 1962 NA 48.31 6.18
139 Niger 1962 NA 37.10 7.12
145 South Africa 1962 NA 49.78 6.10
155 Angola 1963 NA 37.63 7.41
161 Cape Verde 1963 NA 50.59 6.98
163 Chad 1963 NA 42.17 6.30
164 Comoros 1963 NA 45.32 6.94
165 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1963 NA 44.98 6.05
168 Djibouti 1963 NA 47.30 6.56
170 Equatorial Guinea 1963 NA 38.73 5.55
171 Eritrea 1963 NA 40.04 6.81
172 Ethiopia 1963 NA 39.49 6.87
173 Gabon 1963 NA 40.07 4.62
177 Guinea-Bissau 1963 NA 43.89 5.52
182 Madagascar 1963 NA 43.70 7.30
188 Mozambique 1963 NA 39.98 6.60
189 Namibia 1963 NA 48.90 6.20
190 Niger 1963 NA 37.24 7.15
196 South Africa 1963 NA 50.14 6.05
206 Angola 1964 NA 38.18 7.43
212 Cape Verde 1964 NA 50.77 6.99
214 Chad 1964 NA 42.58 6.32
215 Comoros 1964 NA 45.75 6.98
216 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1964 NA 45.36 6.07
219 Djibouti 1964 NA 47.80 6.60
221 Equatorial Guinea 1964 NA 39.08 5.57
222 Eritrea 1964 NA 40.41 6.78
223 Ethiopia 1964 NA 39.36 6.87
224 Gabon 1964 NA 40.70 4.69
228 Guinea-Bissau 1964 NA 44.15 5.32
233 Madagascar 1964 NA 44.28 7.30
240 Namibia 1964 NA 49.48 6.22
241 Niger 1964 NA 37.36 7.19
247 South Africa 1964 NA 50.52 5.98
257 Angola 1965 NA 38.74 7.43
263 Cape Verde 1965 NA 51.00 6.99
265 Chad 1965 NA 43.01 6.34
266 Comoros 1965 NA 46.18 7.00
267 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1965 NA 45.77 6.09
270 Djibouti 1965 NA 48.33 6.63
272 Equatorial Guinea 1965 NA 39.44 5.60
273 Eritrea 1965 NA 40.81 6.75
274 Ethiopia 1965 NA 38.13 6.86
275 Gabon 1965 NA 41.42 4.77
279 Guinea-Bissau 1965 NA 44.39 5.14
291 Namibia 1965 NA 50.05 6.24
292 Niger 1965 NA 37.49 7.22
298 South Africa 1965 NA 50.91 5.91
308 Angola 1966 NA 39.28 7.42
314 Cape Verde 1966 NA 51.32 6.99
316 Chad 1966 NA 43.48 6.36
317 Comoros 1966 NA 46.63 7.03
318 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1966 NA 46.20 6.11
321 Djibouti 1966 NA 48.90 6.67
323 Equatorial Guinea 1966 NA 39.78 5.62
324 Eritrea 1966 NA 41.22 6.73
326 Gabon 1966 NA 42.21 4.83
330 Guinea-Bissau 1966 NA 44.63 5.05
342 Namibia 1966 NA 50.61 6.26
343 Niger 1966 NA 37.61 7.26
349 South Africa 1966 NA 51.30 5.84
359 Angola 1967 NA 39.84 7.40
365 Cape Verde 1967 NA 51.75 6.98
367 Chad 1967 NA 43.98 6.39
368 Comoros 1967 NA 47.10 7.04
369 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1967 NA 46.66 6.14
372 Djibouti 1967 NA 49.53 6.70
374 Equatorial Guinea 1967 NA 40.13 5.64
375 Eritrea 1967 NA 41.66 6.71
377 Gabon 1967 NA 43.06 4.90
381 Guinea-Bissau 1967 NA 44.86 5.09
400 South Africa 1967 NA 51.68 5.77
410 Angola 1968 NA 40.39 7.38
416 Cape Verde 1968 NA 52.32 6.97
418 Chad 1968 NA 44.54 6.43
419 Comoros 1968 NA 47.58 7.06
420 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1968 NA 47.14 6.16
423 Djibouti 1968 NA 50.23 6.74
425 Equatorial Guinea 1968 NA 40.48 5.66
426 Eritrea 1968 NA 42.10 6.69
428 Gabon 1968 NA 43.90 4.96
432 Guinea-Bissau 1968 NA 45.09 5.30
451 South Africa 1968 NA 52.04 5.70
461 Angola 1969 NA 40.95 7.34
470 Comoros 1969 NA 48.09 7.06
474 Djibouti 1969 NA 50.99 6.77
476 Equatorial Guinea 1969 NA 40.82 5.67
479 Gabon 1969 NA 44.74 5.02
483 Guinea-Bissau 1969 NA 45.29 5.64
502 South Africa 1969 NA 52.41 5.64
525 Djibouti 1970 NA 51.75 6.80
527 Equatorial Guinea 1970 NA 41.17 5.68
530 Gabon 1970 NA 45.55 5.08
534 Guinea-Bissau 1970 NA 45.50 6.07
553 South Africa 1970 NA 52.77 5.59
563 Angola 1971 NA 42.06 7.26
576 Djibouti 1971 NA 52.51 6.83
578 Equatorial Guinea 1971 NA 41.52 5.68
581 Gabon 1971 NA 46.35 5.14
585 Guinea-Bissau 1971 NA 45.71 6.49
604 South Africa 1971 NA 53.11 5.54
614 Angola 1972 NA 42.62 7.23
627 Djibouti 1972 NA 53.20 6.84
629 Equatorial Guinea 1972 NA 41.87 5.68
632 Gabon 1972 NA 47.13 5.21
636 Guinea-Bissau 1972 NA 45.91 6.81
655 South Africa 1972 NA 53.44 5.48
665 Angola 1973 NA 43.17 7.21
678 Djibouti 1973 NA 53.83 6.83
680 Equatorial Guinea 1973 NA 42.21 5.68
683 Gabon 1973 NA 47.90 5.28
687 Guinea-Bissau 1973 NA 46.12 6.98
706 South Africa 1973 NA 53.77 5.42
716 Angola 1974 NA 43.71 7.19
729 Djibouti 1974 NA 54.38 6.82
731 Equatorial Guinea 1974 NA 42.56 5.68
734 Gabon 1974 NA 48.68 5.34
738 Guinea-Bissau 1974 NA 46.33 6.99
767 Angola 1975 NA 44.22 7.19
780 Djibouti 1975 NA 54.85 6.78
782 Equatorial Guinea 1975 NA 42.91 5.67
785 Gabon 1975 NA 49.45 5.41
789 Guinea-Bissau 1975 NA 46.54 6.87
818 Angola 1976 NA 44.68 7.19
833 Equatorial Guinea 1976 NA 43.28 5.68
836 Gabon 1976 NA 50.23 5.48
869 Angola 1977 NA 45.12 7.19
884 Equatorial Guinea 1977 NA 43.65 5.68
887 Gabon 1977 NA 51.01 5.54
920 Angola 1978 NA 45.50 7.19
935 Equatorial Guinea 1978 NA 44.04 5.69
971 Angola 1979 NA 45.84 7.20
986 Equatorial Guinea 1979 NA 44.44 5.71
1037 Equatorial Guinea 1980 NA 44.85 5.73
1088 Equatorial Guinea 1981 NA 45.26 5.75
2857 Algeria 2016 NA 76.50 NA
2858 Angola 2016 NA 60.00 NA
2859 Benin 2016 NA 62.60 NA
2860 Botswana 2016 NA 60.13 NA
2861 Burkina Faso 2016 NA 61.20 NA
2862 Burundi 2016 NA 61.40 NA
2863 Cameroon 2016 NA 59.70 NA
2864 Cape Verde 2016 NA 73.10 NA
2865 Central African Republic 2016 NA 51.04 NA
2866 Chad 2016 NA 58.01 NA
2867 Comoros 2016 NA 68.20 NA
2868 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2016 NA 61.51 NA
2869 Congo, Rep. 2016 NA 61.50 NA
2870 Cote d'Ivoire 2016 NA 59.71 NA
2871 Djibouti 2016 NA 64.51 NA
2872 Egypt 2016 NA 71.70 NA
2873 Equatorial Guinea 2016 NA 61.00 NA
2874 Eritrea 2016 NA 60.80 NA
2875 Ethiopia 2016 NA 65.70 NA
2876 Gabon 2016 NA 66.81 NA
2877 Gambia 2016 NA 68.20 NA
2878 Ghana 2016 NA 65.80 NA
2879 Guinea 2016 NA 59.60 NA
2880 Guinea-Bissau 2016 NA 55.90 NA
2881 Kenya 2016 NA 65.20 NA
2882 Lesotho 2016 NA 48.86 NA
2883 Liberia 2016 NA 64.63 NA
2884 Libya 2016 NA 73.21 NA
2885 Madagascar 2016 NA 63.70 NA
2886 Malawi 2016 NA 60.90 NA
2887 Mali 2016 NA 60.40 NA
2888 Mauritania 2016 NA 69.80 NA
2889 Mauritius 2016 NA 74.70 NA
2890 Morocco 2016 NA 74.80 NA
2891 Mozambique 2016 NA 58.12 NA
2892 Namibia 2016 NA 64.30 NA
2893 Niger 2016 NA 61.30 NA
2894 Nigeria 2016 NA 65.51 NA
2895 Rwanda 2016 NA 66.10 NA
2896 Senegal 2016 NA 65.60 NA
2897 Seychelles 2016 NA 74.20 NA
2898 Sierra Leone 2016 NA 59.07 NA
2899 South Africa 2016 NA 61.40 NA
2900 Sudan 2016 NA 67.80 NA
2901 Swaziland 2016 NA 53.88 NA
2902 Tanzania 2016 NA 64.91 NA
2903 Togo 2016 NA 61.90 NA
2904 Tunisia 2016 NA 77.60 NA
2905 Uganda 2016 NA 61.91 NA
2906 Zambia 2016 NA 57.10 NA
2907 Zimbabwe 2016 NA 61.69 NA
population gdp continent region
8 202316 NA Africa Western Africa
10 3002596 750173439 Africa Middle Africa
15 83636 NA Africa Eastern Africa
17 252115 NA Africa Middle Africa
18 1407631 NA Africa Eastern Africa
20 499189 887289809 Africa Middle Africa
23 3577413 NA Africa Western Africa
24 616407 NA Africa Western Africa
37 3395212 1020197091 Africa Western Africa
43 17396367 38336071006 Africa Southern Africa
53 5367287 NA Africa Middle Africa
59 205958 NA Africa Western Africa
61 3061423 760658941 Africa Middle Africa
62 191828 NA Africa Eastern Africa
63 15637715 4451156989 Africa Middle Africa
66 88499 NA Africa Eastern Africa
68 255100 NA Africa Middle Africa
69 1441297 NA Africa Eastern Africa
70 22671131 NA Africa Eastern Africa
71 504174 1018309175 Africa Middle Africa
75 623413 NA Africa Western Africa
80 5223621 2130711083 Africa Eastern Africa
86 7643290 NA Africa Eastern Africa
87 617282 NA Africa Southern Africa
88 3493636 1066579260 Africa Western Africa
89 46144154 12861030560 Africa Western Africa
94 17850045 39810250010 Africa Southern Africa
104 5465905 NA Africa Middle Africa
110 210866 NA Africa Western Africa
112 3122357 801431143 Africa Middle Africa
113 194960 NA Africa Eastern Africa
114 16041247 5394833319 Africa Middle Africa
117 94200 NA Africa Eastern Africa
119 257940 NA Africa Middle Africa
120 1476321 NA Africa Eastern Africa
121 23221331 NA Africa Eastern Africa
122 509806 1094165180 Africa Middle Africa
126 629973 NA Africa Western Africa
131 5352674 2179101018 Africa Eastern Africa
137 7799396 NA Africa Eastern Africa
138 632658 NA Africa Southern Africa
139 3596613 1176209886 Africa Western Africa
145 18322335 42269436973 Africa Southern Africa
155 5565808 NA Africa Middle Africa
161 216913 NA Africa Western Africa
163 3184775 788612621 Africa Middle Africa
164 198205 NA Africa Eastern Africa
165 16461914 5676119396 Africa Middle Africa
168 100622 NA Africa Eastern Africa
170 260990 NA Africa Middle Africa
171 1512671 NA Africa Eastern Africa
172 23798378 NA Africa Eastern Africa
173 516270 1160826485 Africa Middle Africa
177 636593 NA Africa Western Africa
182 5486593 2158848417 Africa Eastern Africa
188 7961458 NA Africa Eastern Africa
189 648668 NA Africa Southern Africa
190 3703159 1287105652 Africa Western Africa
196 18809939 45386200940 Africa Southern Africa
206 5665701 NA Africa Middle Africa
212 223854 NA Africa Western Africa
214 3247798 768811034 Africa Middle Africa
215 201665 NA Africa Eastern Africa
216 16903899 5537609393 Africa Middle Africa
219 107584 NA Africa Eastern Africa
221 264743 NA Africa Middle Africa
222 1550297 NA Africa Eastern Africa
223 24396965 NA Africa Eastern Africa
224 523793 1213695790 Africa Middle Africa
228 643962 NA Africa Western Africa
233 5625401 2244393192 Africa Eastern Africa
240 665297 NA Africa Southern Africa
241 3811813 1288792274 Africa Western Africa
247 19308166 48989793258 Africa Southern Africa
257 5765025 NA Africa Middle Africa
263 231427 NA Africa Western Africa
265 3310921 773471780 Africa Middle Africa
266 205412 NA Africa Eastern Africa
267 17369859 5592838673 Africa Middle Africa
270 114963 NA Africa Eastern Africa
272 269427 NA Africa Middle Africa
273 1589187 NA Africa Eastern Africa
274 25013551 NA Africa Eastern Africa
275 532512 1314837134 Africa Middle Africa
279 652566 NA Africa Western Africa
291 682553 NA Africa Southern Africa
292 3921581 1377973629 Africa Western Africa
298 19813947 53347940265 Africa Southern Africa
308 5863568 NA Africa Middle Africa
314 239765 NA Africa Western Africa
316 3373563 759494431 Africa Middle Africa
317 209536 NA Africa Eastern Africa
318 17861860 5971780635 Africa Middle Africa
321 122868 NA Africa Eastern Africa
323 275470 NA Africa Middle Africa
324 1629333 NA Africa Eastern Africa
326 542562 1374110052 Africa Middle Africa
330 662597 NA Africa Western Africa
342 700316 NA Africa Southern Africa
343 4032210 1372702919 Africa Western Africa
349 20325230 55715759234 Africa Southern Africa
359 5962831 NA Africa Middle Africa
365 248733 NA Africa Western Africa
367 3436227 765321282 Africa Middle Africa
368 214038 NA Africa Eastern Africa
369 18378189 5912914485 Africa Middle Africa
372 131403 NA Africa Eastern Africa
374 282445 NA Africa Middle Africa
375 1670821 NA Africa Eastern Africa
377 553829 1430656781 Africa Middle Africa
381 673893 NA Africa Western Africa
400 20843785 59725342237 Africa Southern Africa
410 6066094 NA Africa Middle Africa
416 257478 NA Africa Western Africa
418 3500778 761822089 Africa Middle Africa
419 218794 NA Africa Eastern Africa
420 18913177 6169103240 Africa Middle Africa
423 140461 NA Africa Eastern Africa
425 288701 NA Africa Middle Africa
426 1713846 NA Africa Eastern Africa
428 565878 1466549111 Africa Middle Africa
432 686155 NA Africa Western Africa
451 21374931 62205953376 Africa Southern Africa
461 6177703 NA Africa Middle Africa
470 223629 NA Africa Eastern Africa
474 149891 NA Africa Eastern Africa
476 292014 NA Africa Middle Africa
479 578114 1585088962 Africa Middle Africa
483 698917 NA Africa Western Africa
502 21926165 65139570532 Africa Southern Africa
525 159667 NA Africa Eastern Africa
527 290905 NA Africa Middle Africa
530 590119 1722664256 Africa Middle Africa
534 711828 104038537 Africa Western Africa
553 22502502 68558449204 Africa Southern Africa
563 6437645 NA Africa Middle Africa
576 169370 NA Africa Eastern Africa
578 284915 NA Africa Middle Africa
581 601734 1899387747 Africa Middle Africa
585 724863 99969624 Africa Western Africa
604 23106806 71492066360 Africa Southern Africa
614 6587647 NA Africa Middle Africa
627 179212 NA Africa Eastern Africa
629 274906 NA Africa Middle Africa
632 613129 2114720779 Africa Middle Africa
636 738117 106342548 Africa Western Africa
655 23736489 72675108212 Africa Southern Africa
665 6750215 NA Africa Middle Africa
678 190536 NA Africa Eastern Africa
680 262399 NA Africa Middle Africa
683 624625 2330050819 Africa Middle Africa
687 751512 107522836 Africa Western Africa
706 24384538 75997832835 Africa Southern Africa
716 6923749 NA Africa Middle Africa
729 205157 NA Africa Eastern Africa
731 249587 NA Africa Middle Africa
734 636702 3250120203 Africa Middle Africa
738 764974 112425062 Africa Western Africa
767 7107334 NA Africa Middle Africa
780 224182 NA Africa Eastern Africa
782 238240 NA Africa Middle Africa
785 649719 3873822005 Africa Middle Africa
789 778482 121245465 Africa Western Africa
818 7299508 NA Africa Middle Africa
833 228491 NA Africa Middle Africa
836 663774 5253884186 Africa Middle Africa
869 7501320 NA Africa Middle Africa
884 220352 NA Africa Middle Africa
887 678786 4592835688 Africa Middle Africa
920 7717139 NA Africa Middle Africa
935 215284 NA Africa Middle Africa
971 7952882 NA Africa Middle Africa
986 215014 NA Africa Middle Africa
1037 220605 NA Africa Middle Africa
1088 232934 NA Africa Middle Africa
2857 NA NA Africa Northern Africa
2858 NA NA Africa Middle Africa
2859 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2860 NA NA Africa Southern Africa
2861 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2862 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2863 NA NA Africa Middle Africa
2864 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2865 NA NA Africa Middle Africa
2866 NA NA Africa Middle Africa
2867 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2868 NA NA Africa Middle Africa
2869 NA NA Africa Middle Africa
2870 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2871 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2872 NA NA Africa Northern Africa
2873 NA NA Africa Middle Africa
2874 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2875 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2876 NA NA Africa Middle Africa
2877 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2878 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2879 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2880 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2881 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2882 NA NA Africa Southern Africa
2883 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2884 NA NA Africa Northern Africa
2885 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2886 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2887 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2888 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2889 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2890 NA NA Africa Northern Africa
2891 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2892 NA NA Africa Southern Africa
2893 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2894 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2895 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2896 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2897 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2898 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2899 NA NA Africa Southern Africa
2900 NA NA Africa Northern Africa
2901 NA NA Africa Southern Africa
2902 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2903 NA NA Africa Western Africa
2904 NA NA Africa Northern Africa
2905 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2906 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
2907 NA NA Africa Eastern Africa
#there is missing infant_mortality data up #until 1981 and again in 2016, so we should choose a year like 2000 to #avoid any NAs
'data.frame': 51 obs. of 9 variables:
$ country : Factor w/ 185 levels "Albania","Algeria",..: 2 3 18 22 26 27 29 31 32 33 ...
$ year : int 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 ...
$ infant_mortality: num 33.9 128.3 89.3 52.4 96.2 ...
$ life_expectancy : num 73.3 52.3 57.2 47.6 52.6 46.7 54.3 68.4 45.3 51.5 ...
$ fertility : num 2.51 6.84 5.98 3.41 6.59 7.06 5.62 3.7 5.45 7.35 ...
$ population : num 31183658 15058638 6949366 1736579 11607944 ...
$ gdp : num 5.48e+10 9.13e+09 2.25e+09 5.63e+09 2.61e+09 ...
$ continent : Factor w/ 5 levels "Africa","Americas",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ region : Factor w/ 22 levels "Australia and New Zealand",..: 11 10 20 17 20 5 10 20 10 10 ...
summary(africadata_2000)
country year infant_mortality life_expectancy
Algeria : 1 Min. :2000 Min. : 12.30 Min. :37.60
Angola : 1 1st Qu.:2000 1st Qu.: 60.80 1st Qu.:51.75
Benin : 1 Median :2000 Median : 80.30 Median :54.30
Botswana : 1 Mean :2000 Mean : 78.93 Mean :56.36
Burkina Faso: 1 3rd Qu.:2000 3rd Qu.:103.30 3rd Qu.:60.00
Burundi : 1 Max. :2000 Max. :143.30 Max. :75.00
(Other) :45
fertility population gdp continent
Min. :1.990 Min. : 81154 Min. :2.019e+08 Africa :51
1st Qu.:4.150 1st Qu.: 2304687 1st Qu.:1.274e+09 Americas: 0
Median :5.550 Median : 8799165 Median :3.238e+09 Asia : 0
Mean :5.156 Mean : 15659800 Mean :1.155e+10 Europe : 0
3rd Qu.:5.960 3rd Qu.: 17391242 3rd Qu.:8.654e+09 Oceania : 0
Max. :7.730 Max. :122876723 Max. :1.329e+11
region
Eastern Africa :16
Western Africa :16
Middle Africa : 8
Northern Africa : 6
Southern Africa : 5
Australia and New Zealand: 0
(Other) : 0
#plot life expectancy as a function of infant mortality with 2000 data
Call:
lm(formula = life_expectancy ~ population, data = africadata_2000)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-18.429 -4.602 -2.568 3.800 18.802
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 5.593e+01 1.468e+00 38.097 <2e-16 ***
population 2.756e-08 5.459e-08 0.505 0.616
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 8.524 on 49 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.005176, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01513
F-statistic: 0.2549 on 1 and 49 DF, p-value: 0.6159
#the p-vlaue of 0.616 shows there #is not a significant correlation between life expectancy and population #in the 2000 dataset
From this line, down is work from Connor Ross :)
## install.package('broom') was previously done## Load package 'broom'library(broom)
Fitting GDP against Infant Mortality and Population in a Linear Model
## Feeling a little curious so I made some graphs...### Wonder what effects GDP on IM looks like...ggplot2::ggplot(data = africadata_2000, mapping =aes(x =log(gdp),y =log(infant_mortality))) +geom_point() +labs(x ="Log GDP", y ="Log Infant Mortality", title ="Effects of GDP on Infant Mortality in 2000")
### Cool, cool. Now what if I do this with population...ggplot2::ggplot(data = africadata_2000, mapping =aes(x =log(gdp),y =log(population))) +geom_point() +labs(x ="Log GDP", y ="Log Population", title ="Effects of GDP on Population in 2000")
#### ^^ NICEEEEE!## Fitting GDP against Infant Mortalityfit3 <-lm(gdp ~ infant_mortality, data = africadata_2000)### Fit3 resultstidy(fit3)
## Fitting GDP against Populationfit4 <-lm(gdp ~ population, data=africadata_2000)### Fit 4 resultstidy(fit4)
# A tibble: 2 × 5
term estimate std.error statistic p.value
<chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 (Intercept) 1620865586. 3499336123. 0.463 0.645
2 population 634. 130. 4.88 0.0000119
Fit 3 model suggests that there may be a negative association between GDP and Infant Mortality. Since the p-value is less than our alpha of 0.05 (p < 0.02), we find these results to be significant. Fit 3 model suggest that there may be a positive association between GDP and population. Since the p-value is less than our alpha of 0.05 (p < 0.001), we can reject the null hypothesis (no association).
